Today’s investing landscape features a confluence of challenges. The current economic environment of high inflation and higher cost of living has led to heightened uncertainty in financial markets. Meanwhile, an ageing population is adding pressure on retirement savings. As a result of these global trends, Malaysians are experiencing new vulnerabilities in the course of their investment journeys.
The Institute for Capital Market Research Malaysia (ICMR) embarked on a nationwide study to better understand these new age vulnerabilities. We found the underlying reasons for investor vulnerability are multifaceted and can be broadly grouped into three categories based on their characteristics. In this article, we will explore the first and most common category: financial behaviour and accessibility.
More Decisions, More Fatigue
Our survey findings reveal that most Malaysian investors experience vulnerability due to their financial behaviours and accessibility to financial products and services. 93% of surveyed respondents have three or more behavioural and access drivers that could make them feel vulnerable, which includes their perception of their own financial status, savings behaviour, and financial literacy.
In terms of perceived financial status, most Malaysians reported they are either financially unstable or are living paycheck-to-paycheck, which influences their level of financial stress and wellbeing. 74% of those who are financially unstable and 54% who are living paycheck-to-paycheck claimed to always feel stressed and worried when thinking about their financial futures.
Past behavioural studies have shown that the more decisions that one is forced to make, the more fatigue one develops, which consequently leads to a deteriorating quality of decision-making – a concept known as decision fatigue. Moreover, people who frequently experience financial stress tend to experience decision fatigue more intensely compared to others.
Indeed, 61% of those who are financially unstable and 42% of those living paycheck-to-paycheck admitted that they get mentally drained when thinking about financial planning and would prefer to follow their family and friends’ decisions. As highlighted in our previous article, this makes them more susceptible to being involved in scams, misled, and creating investment bubbles.
Not Saving Enough For Difficult Times
Beyond financial status, ICMR also set out to understand Malaysians’ savings behaviour, given the importance of having enough savings to ensure financial resilience to any unexpected life shocks. Based on guidance by the Employees Provident Fund (EPF), it is recommended that Malaysians have at least 20% monthly savings and 6 months’ worth of emergency savings.
One common assumption is that Malaysians are not generally aware of these savings benchmarks, but ICMR’s findings suggest otherwise. While 43% of respondents know they should save 20% of their monthly income, only 23% actually follow through. Similarly with emergency funds, 34% know they need 6 months’ worth or more, but only 22% claim to have that amount of buffer for emergencies.
Another assumption is that those with higher incomes can save the most, while financial stress is commonly associated with those in the lower income group. Our study again challenges these assumptions, as our findings indicate that 68% of respondents in the high-income group are saving less than 20% of their monthly income and 76% have less than 6 months’ worth of emergency savings.
Since Malaysians are already struggling to save regularly and are not able to financially sustain themselves during difficult times, it is hard to expect them to show better saving habits for a longer-term goal such as retirement. This then leads to another factor that defines investor vulnerability in Malaysia – retirement savings or a lack thereof.
Lack Of Retirement Readiness
Based on the assumption that one will retire at the age of 55 and life expectancy in Malaysia is 75, one’s savings need to last for at least 20 years. However, when we asked our respondents how long they expected their current and EPF savings to last after retiring, 75% felt that their total retirement savings would last them less than the required 20 years post-retirement.
This is mainly due to the lack of retirement savings, especially among retirees and gig workers. 62% of surveyed gig workers claimed to have less than RM50,000 worth of retirement savings, and what is more worrying is that 70% of surveyed retirees have less than RM250,000 worth of retirement savings – less than what the EPF estimates is adequate to cover basic needs for 20 years after retirement.
While those who are 40 years old and below tend to meet the basic retirement savings threshold as determined by EPF, as soon as they reach 41 years old, more than half of the EPF contributors are not able to meet the target basic savings for each age group. This is probably because they start withdrawing from their EPF accounts for home loans, children’s education, or even health expenses.
To supplement the findings from our survey, ICMR also conducted qualitative interviews with retirees in the Klang Valley. The interviewees shared that they did not know what to do with the big sum of savings that became accessible to them after retiring. As a result, they tended to invest on a trial-and-error basis and followed advice from friends and family – with many plagued by failing investments.
Overconfident About Financial Literacy
Although Malaysians are generally not saving enough and unprepared for retirement, ICMR’s findings also show that they are overconfident with regards to their financial knowledge. Only 39% of respondents scored 80% – 100% in a simple financial literacy test prepared by ICMR – but 67% of respondents claim to be highly confident of their financial capabilities.
Topics such as compounding interest, inflation, risk and return, cost of borrowing and diversification, are considered as the most basic to test respondents’ understanding of some of the key financial concepts. However, it is concerning to see that 59% of respondents who scored lower than 80% (less than 4 questions correct) feel highly confident about their financial capabilities.
The overconfidence effect is observed when people’s subjective confidence in their own ability is greater than their objective (actual) performance. Overconfidence has been attributed to a range of issues. More generally, among investors, overconfidence has been associated with excessive risk-taking and is most likely to lead them to make wrong financial decisions.
Overconfidence also relates to one’s optimism bias during investment or broader financial decision making. Optimism bias refers to the tendencies for people to overestimate the probability of positive events and underestimate the probability of negative events happening to them in the future. This kind of thinking is dangerous and often leads investors to make reckless financial decisions.
Investor Vulnerability Is Multifaceted
Making good financial decisions is not an easy task for most people. It involves overcoming biases and considering the satisfaction of short-term gains against the things that are beneficial for us in the long-term. The challenges of making good financial decisions get even more difficult when factors such as financial stress hinders one from making optimal decisions with a sound mind.
Nonetheless, ICMR’s study highlights that different ‘types’ of vulnerability are frequently overlapping and closely interconnected – meaning that financial difficulties are not always easily attributable to a single particular ‘cause’. Stay tuned for our next article as we explore how situational circumstances and industry-related issues can also lead to new vulnerabilities for Malaysian investors.
This article is part of a content series by the Institute for Capital Market Research (ICMR). Follow ICMR’s Facebook page to stay updated on behavioural tips and insights for better investing habits. To learn more about ICMR’s research on new age vulnerabilities, visit www.icmr.my or download the full report.
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